Here, we have listed some mistakes that are overlooked by the aspirants in Re-tell lecture and Summarize Spoken Text modules. 

Essential Tips for Re-tell Lecture

If you’re not alert and prepared, there are high chances that you will commit mistakes.

1. Take clear notes

When it comes to note-taking, some test-takers take notes hurriedly and their handwriting suffers. It results in unnecessary pauses and stops when it’s time to re-tell, because they hard to understand their handwriting. Therefore, take clear notes is significantly important. 

To improve note-taking speed and quality, you may use abbreviations, charts, or shortcut methods. Try to note down chunks of words which you can use to make complete sentences. 

2. Use templates to avoid unnecessary pauses

If you don’t speak for more than 3 seconds, the system will skip to next question automatically. Anything you say after that won’t be recorded. Avoid ‘uhm’ and ‘aah’ sounds, and try to speak fluently. 

Templates gives you the basic structure of re-telling the lecture. You should practice with templates in order to make it effective. 

Example of Re-tell Lecture template:

• At the beginning of the lecture, the lecturer talked about… 
• After that, the lecturer mentioned that…
• He/she suggested that…
• In addition, he/she also said that…
• In conclusion, the lecture gave us a great deal of information about… 

Essential Tips for Summarize Spoken Text

1. Type keywords when listening

You only have 10 minutes to finish this task. So, keep track of the timer all the time. Type keywords directly to the answer box when you are listening the audio. Take notes in chunks and avoid one-word notes. 

2. Pay attention to your grammar

Tenses, punctuation, spellings are significant since it contributes 40% marks in the Summarize Spoken Text. No errors are permissible, use easy and simple word if you are not confident at spelling. 

3. Avoid long and complicated templates

There are 5 parts to score marks in this part, which include contents, form, grammar, vocabulary and spelling. In order to get full mark in terms of “Form” part, the answer should contain 50-70 words. Therefore, it has hight percentage to over word limits if you use long and complicated templates. 

The template has to allow for three distinct parts of the summary: Introduction, Body & Conclusion.

Example of Summarize Spoken Text template:

• The lecture demonstrates…
• Specifically, …
• Furthermore, … 
• In addition, …
• As a result/ In conclusion, …

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1.Curators

I am going to talk today mostly about what I do as a curator here at the National Museum of Australia but I want to draw some generalities from that in terms of a series of curatorial practices, tools, techniques and methods that I think could be of interest to your students and to you in developing extension history courses. I want to talk about what I do as a curator and then from that also talk a bit about the kinds of history that I think museums are particularly good at creating and communicating. Something I would really like to discuss because it is not necessarily very well understood is that I think museums, as Dave insisted by putting up my quote in his slide, create a very particular kind of history. It’s not the kind of history that gets created in books or in films or in compositions, it’s a very particular kind of history that grows out of the fact that museums are centrally interested and defined by their collections. I should that is not an uncontested view of museums but it is certainly my view of museums.

Curators try to understand material culture as evidence of other people’s lives as a means to try to understand other people – what they look like, what they did, how they made a living, what they hoped for in their lives, how they tried to construct their world and why they made particular choices. One way in which curators differ from other historians is therefore in terms of how we interrogate the past, what elements we use to communicate the past. Most academic historians are trained in the discipline of words and they concentrate on words still today, although it is changing a little bit. If you go through university history primarily you are encouraged to draw on things like archival accounts, manuscripts and now oral histories, and most of that work is actually promulgated in the form of books.

There are also other kinds of historians. Obviously film makers and photographers concentrate on creating images of the world and arranging them in meaningful sequences, but curators attend to objects. We look at objects as evidence of the past and try to arrange objects in meaningful ways called exhibitions.

2.Inhabitants in Australia

The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people. Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and distinct peoples is still subject to academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 43,000 years Before Present, while the upper range supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP.

In any event, this migration was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait

The ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent glacial period some 10,000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated landmass. However, the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape York Peninsula.

During the 1970s and 1980s around 120,000 southern Asian refugees migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration Al Grassby termed “multiculturalism”. In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000 new settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40,000 in 200405) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.

3.Implicit and Explicit Memories

There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike and falling over the handlebars, and skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory which is an exponential functional form of memory that cannot be consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory, but more like muscle memory. Examples of implicit memory include using language naturally, driving and reading, and answering multiple questions in the test. Let’s look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail, and see how age influences these. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple questions in a test.

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1.Animal Behavior

We can ask two fundamental questions about animal behavior, they referred to as proximate and ultimate. Proximate questions are those concerned with the mechanisms that bring about behavior, ultimate questions are those concerned with the evolution of behavior. We can divide the proximate and ultimate questions into two sub- questions. For proximate, how does the behavior develop, and secondly what causes the behavior. For ultimate, you can ask how did the behavior evolve, and secondly what is the adaptive significance of the behavior what’s purpose. Together these comprise what are called Tinbergen’s four questions about animal behavior. Niko Tinbergen was one of the founding fathers of the study of animal behavior. These questions represent the different ways of studying animal behavior and understanding the difference between those four questions are fundamental to understanding behavior and indeed the whole of biology. How do we study animal behavior well that depends on the type of question we’re hoping to answer.

Two fundamental questions about animal behavior are referred to as proximate and ultimate.

2.Fish Leader

When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid. Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different. What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from undercover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed. Of course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The findings are in the journal Biology Letters. The researchers write that “when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort.” We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.

Today we’re going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we’re going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person who summoned the superstrength later tried it again only to find that they couldn’t do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

3.Climate Change

Some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions. Some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the near future. Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in Africa.

The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food production. The change of climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as floods and hurricanes, which exacerbates the food production.

As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food supply annually around 10% to 17%. And this trend is perceived to be continuing in the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.

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1.Globalization

I’ve been thinking a lot about the world recently and how it’s changed over the last 20, 30, 40 years. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a chicken caught a cold and sneezed and died in a remote village in East Asia, it would have been a tragedy for the chicken and its closest relatives, but I don’t think there was much possibility of us fearing a global pandemic and the deaths of millions. Twenty of thirty years ago, if a bank in North America lent too much money to some people who couldn’t afford to pay it back and the bank went bust, that was bad for the lender and bad for the borrower, but we didn’t imagine it would bring the global economic system to its knees for nearly a decade. This is globalization. This is the miracle that has enabled us to transship our bodies and our minds and our words and our pictures and our ideas and our teaching and our learning around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. It’s brought a lot of bad stuff, like the stuff that I just described, but it’s also brought a lot of good stuff. A lot of us are not aware of the extraordinary successes of the Millennium Development Goals, several of which have achieved their targets long before the due date. That proves that this species of humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary progress if it really acts together and it really tries hard.

Sample Answer

The lecture is about globalization and its successful achievements. At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that the changes of the world over the last decades. Twenty or thirty years ago, people didn’t realize that the chicken caught a cold would results in global pandemic and the deaths, and the bank in North America lent too much money might lead to a global economic panic. The globalization is a miracle that  enabled us to transship our bodies, minds, words, pictures, ideas, teaching and learning faster and cheaper. In conclusion, globalization proves the species of humanity is capable of achieving progress when it acts together and tries hard.

2.Super Power

Today we’re going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we’re going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person who summoned the superstrength later tried it again only to find that they couldn’t do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

Sample Answer

There are heroic tales of superhuman feats, such as some people having incredible power to lift a car or move giant rocks in the face of a disaster. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable. Basically, these anecdotes suggest that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

3. Dissociation of Personalities

The powerful influence of Stevenson’s text on the discourse ofdissociation is strikingly apparent in the work of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince with pioneering the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a spectacular case. Princes dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of Miss Christine Beau-champ, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according to Prince, is a person in whom several personalities have become developed.

Sample Answer

Morton Prince is an American physician and psychologist. In his book The Dissociation of a Personality, the character Christine Beauchamp developed several personalities, B1, B2 and B3. Hidden memory exists between the three personalities. B3 knows the existence of B2 and B1, while B2 knows the existence of B1, and B1 knows neither. The strongest personality accounts for most of the time and will take over the others and become the main personality at the end. The case study is helpful for crime investigation and hallucination treatment.

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1.Teaching

All of my research and that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but I’ve always considered the end the result. And I always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in teaching the subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching-research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. I am also uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to be recognized the successful professor.

Sample Answer

The speaker’s research was motivated by the 60 plus graduates’ need to learn, so that they can teach. The end product for the speaker was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help teaching the subject. The speaker also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, or new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. And in speaker’s experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. It is this unity and close connection of research and teaching recognized the successful professor.

2.Narratives

The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.

Sample Answer

This lecture is about visual description. Firstly, the speaker mentions about the comics with many people chatting in a room and it is a form of description. Secondly, the speaker mentions that people use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Thirdly the speaker mentions that people have to use visual description when they don’t see the scene. He used own experience as an example describing the second war, his home town and the shelter his mother went to. In conclusion, in such way the speaker gets visual evidence to write his book.

3.Variation in Frogs

Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura. The oldest fossil proto frog appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is found in tropical rain forests. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders.

Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of many of the world’s ecosystems. The skin is semipermeable, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats.

Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in they are breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of complex behaviors to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one-third of species are considered to be threatened with extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread around the world. Conservation biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them. Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion.

Sample Answer

The graph shows tree types of frogs in different region, indicating their life habits and their influence on human. In addition, the variation of frog has been existing for many years that some have more limbs while some have fewer limbs. The lecture also explains the reason for the gene mutation. Many people are worried that river those frogs live will be polluted by them and affect our health.

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1.Edmund Wilson

Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board mainstream. American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly, some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people. But this was a world before the division between the brows or between a lead or whatever had established itself as a part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were there. He was not a product of a narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as much of a part of life for everyone as conversation. He thought the Proust and Joyce and Yeats and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was a very various man. Over a period of almost 50 years, he was a dedicated, a literary journalist, and an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist, and dedicated journal keeper.

Sample Answer

Wilson came from a different world. He became the focus of mainstream American board culture. He wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. He was also successful in equaling the great cultures of Europe in American life. He believed that literature was as much of a part of life for everyone as conversation. Wilson was also a very various man.

2.Soot Emission

Sometimes it’s the little things that can make big things happen. Fleas and the plague, atoms and nuclear bombs. Diminutive leaders in world history. Soot is one of these little things. Soot also known as black carbon is released when you burn dung, coal, diesel fuel and wood. From Los Angeles to Mumbai, soot causes respiratory illnesses like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to one point six million premature deaths every year. Mostly among the poor. And it gets worse. Atmospheric currents carry soot thousands of miles from where it is produced, to the Himalayas and the Arctic. Black carbon being black, absorbs sunlight, so even a little soot on snow makes it melt faster. And when snow melts global sea levels rise, threatening our freshwater indigenous communities and polar bears who hunt on the Arctic ice. Climate Change has been a big thing for a while and carbon dioxide has been its main cause. Scientists estimate that soot causes twenty five percent of human-caused global warming. It’s the second leading cause of Arctic warming after carbon dioxide. Let’s not underestimate the impact of this tiny particle. But there’s good news, reducing black carbon may be the fastest way to slow global warming. Buy time for the Arctic. Yes even more so than changing a light bulb. Since black carbon only stays in the atmosphere for a couple of weeks, reducing it will produce results immediately. Of course, reducing soot alone won’t solve global warming, but solving our soot problem now will help buy time for the Arctic and allow us to deal with the bigger problem of carbon dioxide. We have the cleaner industries, cook stoves, and diesel now we have to use them. In developed nations, we’ve significantly reduced our black carbon, but we still have much more to do. We need to tighten our standards at home and invest in cleaner technologies in developing nations. In a world going on seven billion people, you might feel rather little yourself. But if you urge the US government and the European Union to take the lead on black carbon reduction, you can make a big difference.

Key Points

• Soot is also known as black carbon. It is released when you burn down coal, diesel fuel and wood.
• Soot contributes to global warming, but does not accumulate in the atmosphere like CO2.
• Reduction in soot has immediate but not long term effects on global warming.
• So if we want to stabilize the climate system, we need to focus on greenhouse gases such as CO2.

3.Early Robots

This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with When you had the term robot, but I’m goanna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s Universal Robots, and they…, the play was written by Czech writer called Karle Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished and had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind…and people are kind of reflecting on “What does it mean to be human”, “what makes us human” those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and that is their primary purpose in society.

Sample Answer

These early robots were characters in a play written in the 1920s. People usually think of robots as cute, cuddly toys as Hollywood depictions. The first robots were created and imagined in the time of political turmoil after First World War. People reflected on what does it mean to be a human. The early robots were assembled on production line and their primary purpose is labor in society.

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Here are TOP 3  frequently asked PTE Retell Lecture Questions from the recent PTE prediction file.

1. Super Power

Today we’re going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we’re going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person who summoned the superstrength later tried it again only to find that they couldn’t do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

Sample Answer

There are heroic tales of superhuman feats, such as some people having incredible power to lift a car or move giant rocks in the face of a disaster. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable. Basically, these anecdotes suggest that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

2. Early Robot 

This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with When you had the term robot, but I’m goanna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s Universal Robots, and they…, the play was written by Czech writer called Karle Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished and had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind…and people are kind of reflecting on “What does it mean to be human”, “what makes us human” those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and that is their primary purpose in society.

Sample Answer

These early robots were characters in a play written in the 1920s. People usually think of robots as cute, cuddly toys as Hollywood depictions. The first robots were created and imagined in the time of political turmoil after First World War. People reflected on what does it mean to be a human. The early robots were assembled on production line and their primary purpose is labor in society.

3. Rice

In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to feed its growing population, shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants, and so IR8 was created by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each generation, further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power of modified crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of the box, produced five times the yield of traditional rice varieties. In optimal conditions with nitrogen, it produced ten times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.

Sample Answer

Green revolution in Mexico, government unable to feed hungry people. Scientists try to research new rice. First, IR8, first really modified crop, produced 5 times the yields than traditional one. In 1980, the second one is IR36, can resist pest, growing fast, doubling the yield than IR8. In 1990, IR72, the third one, outperforming than others.

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1. Measuring Food

I’m a dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately estimating portion size is critical in research or real-world settings. For example, if you’re trying to watch your weight and you’re out to dinner and you’re presented with a bowl of food, there’s no really good way to actually estimate how much you’re eating unless you’re gonna whip some scales out of your bag. So we wanted to find a more objective way for people to quantify what they’re eating when they’re out and about. I came up with a more hands-on approach. We got people to measure the dimensions of the food using the width of their fingers and remembering back to primary school maths. We use the geometric volume formulas to estimate the weight of the food. To show you how this works, I’ve ordered a piece of lasagna. And that’s my box, a glass of wine and that’s my cylinder. And I’m feeling pretty healthy, so I order some watermelon for dessert. And that’s my wedge. So this was I know it’s seven by five, by four fingers. in the future, I see this method be incorporated into smartphone applications. So you put your finger, it’s in along with your height and your weight. And the app will do all of the calculations for you. And then you’ve got a more accurate way to estimate the portion size.

Measuring Food (Retell Lecture) – Audio

2. Innovation and Invention 

He says innovation equals invention. Let me just stop here. Innovation equals invention often people mistake these two things for the sam thing. Innovation equals invention, they are not. Innovation is something that generates value for the world. It makes something faster, better, cheaper. It gives someone some great satisfaction. An invention is an idea, a technology, a patent. In and of itself, it does not generate value. So these two are not the same thing. And sometimes you see them interchange. And that’s not correct. So innovation equals invention times commercialization. So and when we look at this equation of innovation something of value, it requires a new idea and then it requires someone or some organization that is going to commercializa that idea. And to make it a value to the world. 

Innovation and Invention (Retell Lecture) – Audio

3. Discovering the Port of Roman London 

But what we are going to discuss today is how the port of London was discovered and what we discovered about it. Now if you look at the historical records of Roman London, there is only about 14 actual references to London in antiquity I contemporary references. And all those only one is in the first century, there are none at all at the second or third century. There is only one in the late third century and there is four in the fourth century. So if you are a historian trying to write the history of Rome in London, it’s really difficult. You don’t have much data, you’re going to depend on the archaeological evidence, the material evidence of the port and indeed the town to have any understanding of what happened then. And so, what we’re looking at here is how did we discover about the port of London, there is no historical documentations, no customs books, no terrorists, no idea of the taxes. We have to understand the port entirely from the archaeological evidence. So that’s what we are going to do today. So, if we move on to the next slide, I love lifestreaming. Thank you very much.

Discovering the Port of Roman London (Retell Lecture) – Audio

4. The Silk Road 

5. Science and Scientist 

Key Points